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Recent Posts by Andrew Binstock
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In June and August of last year, I wrote a pair of columns in which I extolled the value of virtualization as a solution to excessive energy consumption. The primary benefit, as I described it, is that virtualization makes it possible to consolidate multiple applications onto a single server. That is, apps that currently run on dedicated systems can be moved en masse to a single server that consumes less power -- generally, far less power -- than that required by the dedicated servers.
This economy derives from two principal factors:
1) Modern servers are much more energy-efficient than their forbears. This is true in absolute terms and relative terms. In fact, in relative terms, such as watts per mips, today's systems are orders of magnitude more efficient.
2)
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Until very recently, the need for IT to really include eco-concerns as part of overall strategy did not have universal appeal. Surely, sites located in areas such as southern Manhattan where power distribution is already running at maximum capacity have a grave problem. And likewise sites that need more room but have tight expansion constraints. For them, green has been a key preoccupation for a while.
For most other IT sites, however, the main driver for green has been cost reduction -- and until the last few months, the cost of energy was tolerable even if somewhat higher than budgeted. So, pressure existed to reduce unnecessary consumption, but not place the issue at the center of IT concerns. However, with oil now regularly surpassing $130 per barrel, there is no longer any
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The golf expression "It's the rub of the green" means the equivalent of "them's the breaks." It refers to the fact that you're going to have your share of good luck and bad luck when your ball is on the green. Every so often you'll hit a divot or other irregularity -- and sometimes the results will be good, other times not so much. It's the rub of the green. Today, I want to refer to the expression in a rather different sense: when green rubs people and IT the wrong way. The world today is so prone to over-marketing, so accustomed to rapid cycles of surging popularity followed by a precipitous descent into oblivion that, at times it feels like the only sane way to deal with new trends is to tune them out. This applies even to green. Let's not forget that the
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As reported in the March 26th issue of GreenerComputing News (you do subscribe, right?), the Standard Performance Evaluation Corp. (SPEC) is in the process of formulating a power-consumption benchmark for workstations. SPEC is a vendor-neutral, non-profit organization that designs benchmarks for the computer industry. It also hosts a website, www.spec.org, that presents benchmark results for various platforms. Those results are provided by vendors of hardware and software systems who certify that they ran the benchmarks in accordance with SPEC guidelines. While SPEC cannot and does not vouch for those results, the industry puts real effort into maintaining the integrity of posted results. And because those results often figure
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In this column, I have previously examined energy-saving options on processors and hard disks. This time around, I'd like to examine one of the other principal energy sinks on the standard PC: graphics cards. Graphics cards are a confusing area of technology because almost all the attention and press the cards receive is dedicated to the high-end, super-expensive cards favored by gamers and hardware aficionados. Those users live and die by the next release of whiz-bang features and the number of anti-aliased triangles that can be displayed.
But if you're choosing graphics capabilities for a business system, the likelihood that anti-aliased triangles are important to your choice is close to nil. And that means that you'll be able to save energy, because generally, the more
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Greening Enterprise Disk Drives
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In my October column, I discussed green disks for desktop systems, which are very rarely the primary source of power consumption for the system. Often the consumption of these hard drives are dwarfed by other components, such as the power supply, processor, chip sets, and so forth.
Hard drives in the data center, however, are a different matter. Data centers frequently have the so-called "spindle farms," in which thousands of disks are providing data services to a wide array of corporate applications. When so many drives are spinning, small savings are quickly multiplied and substantial savings can be recognized by careful selection of disk hardware.
Enterprise disk storage needs, however, are far more complex than simple rooms full of drives. There are various types of needs that are served by different types of disks. One way of examining enterprise disk usage is to break it down into four possible segments, based on how the data is used.
- Performance-Oriented Storage (SAN and NAS) This segment is oriented towards core business IT functionality. It uses high-speed 3.5" drives. These drives typically spin at 10K or 15K RPMs. They have traditionally been SCSI style drives due to the performance requirements.
- Performance-Oriented Storage (High I/O Systems) This segment makes use of spindle farms and typically is I/O constrained. It is served not so much by fast drives, as by having lots of drives from which data can be pulled. Use cases include web sites with significant content needs, and any place large amounts of data are accessed but where top-line performance is not critical. This segment prefers smaller disks, such as 2.5" drives, to obtain greater drive density.
- Capacity-Oriented Storage (Second-tier storage) These drives are designed for storage of less-used data items. These might include old records, historical items, back-ups, and any data that is rarely accessed but which must be on-line. In the old days, robotic silos containing optical media often handled these data needs. When a data item was required, the CD or DVD would be fetched and loaded, then the item would be retrieved. The delay was the quid pro quo for the massive capacity of these storage systems. Today, with 3.5" disks reaching capacities of 1TB, those optical discs can be stored on a few dozen platters. These hard drives value capacity over performance and so they tend to be large and have rotational speeds of 7200 RPM.
- Value-Oriented Storage (Price-Conscious Systems) As the name implies, these are your run-of-the mill 3.5" drives intended for low-end servers used in SMBs or in workgroup servers that are not supporting mission-critical applications. The principal focus is on dollars/megabyte.
Green, power-sipping drives are likely to work their way into all four of these segments during the next few years. One key advance that supports this contention is the advent of 10K SATA (serial ATA) drives.
These fast disks (4.6ms seek time for Western Digital's WD Raptor drives) are game changers. For most of their existence, SATA drives spun at 7200 RPM, which meant they did not have the performance profile to compete with SCSI drives. But at this new level of performance, they can compete directly. As SATA drives can be manufactured less expensively and are easier to make green, this speed breakthrough should eventually push SATA into the performance-oriented segments of the enterprise market. There are currently no green 10K SATA drives, but they surely will come to market during the next few years.
For the time being, green drives come to the enterprise in the capacity-oriented storage sector. It's in this area that the green leader among disk vendors, Western Digital, has been gaining a lot of attention. It is already on its second generation of "Green Power" hard drives. Its green drives, such as the 1TB WD Caviar GP, require a mere 4 watts of power at rest, run cooler than traditional 3.5" drives, and are quieter. Performance is comparable to most 3.5" SATA drives.
This energy conservation is attributable to a combination of several factors: a 16MB cache and IntelliSeek smarts that more efficiently locate disk sectors and from which to read and write. This latter capability lets Western Digital match competitors' performance at a slower rotational speed, which means that both during I/O and at rest, these disks consume less power.
Western Digital is not the only vendor with green drives on the market. Hitachi and Samsung also have drives. However, Western Digital has been a pioneer in this area, due in part to being an integrated manufacturer where they manufacture both the disk drive and the read/write head assembly. This combination gives it the ability to innovate across the entire product. Expect to see more green innovations from the company.
So, if you're looking to conserve energy in enterprise storage, start with replacing capacity-oriented storage with green drives. In a few years, you'll be able to do the same with all your storage.
Andrew Binstock's blog on software and technical matters can be found at http://binstock.blogspot.com.
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